Off-Gird Solar Power Set-up - The Basics

Solar Panel:

The glass surface is impact resistant and allows maximum light transmission. Single crystalline solar cells are encapsulated and bonded to the glass in multiple layers of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and laminated with a white Tedlar. Backing insuring long life in severe environmental conditions. Anodized aluminum tubular frames add strength and durability to the modules. Your solar panel should include pre-drilled mounting holes. The weather resistant junction box accommodates all wiring methods. Ideally the solar panels should carry a 20-year, 80% power output warranty.
Your supplier should have stock for solar panels from 0.5W to 100W. Common sizes include 4W, 10W, 15W, 20W, 45W, 55W, 78W, 80W, 100W. Your supplier should have the ability to customize other sizes.

Solar Charge Controller:

Solar PV Charge Controllers are a integral part of any solar system to prolong the life of batteries. They take the uncertain voltage from a solar panel and condition it to safely charge lead acid batteries. These solar PV charge controllers use pulse width modulation (PWM) or Maximum Point Power Tracking (MPPT) , and a 3 or 4 stages charging method, bulk, absorption, and float (maintenance) charge. They also protect the panels from energy backflow from the solar batteries after the sun goes down. Solar charge controllers are necessary to protect your PV investment.

What features to look for:

The most sophisticated of the charge controller has PWM regulation with integrated temperature compensation with a LCD display, programming- and safety functions.

The battery state of charge is clearly displayed with a bar chart, as well as energy flows from and to the battery and the load status (e.g. overload, load short circuit). The deep discharge protection function can be set up to three different modes: voltage controlled, SOC controlled or adaptive (fuzzy logic). Acoustic warnings are built in, and also a programmable nightlight function.

•     Working voltage: 12V / 24V Autoselect
•     Battery State-of-Charge display LCD Charge and discharge status display
•     Programmable controls.safety functions
•     Full solid-state safety protection & alarm 
•     5 load disconnect algorithm options 
•     Integrated temperature compensation 
•     Covered wire terminals(16mm2 max) 
•     Built-in nightlight function and data-logging 
•     Optional CXM Remote Display

Remote Display:

Remote display is designed to display panel current, load current and battery voltage of your PV system; charging, overload, low voltage disconnect status too. Additional you can display several values of CXN's data logger of the past 7 days as Ah, SOC, Battery voltage (morning, evening). This provides you more detailed information of your PV system.

•     Display panel current, load current, and battery voltage, Ah, SOC, etc
•     Clear, readable 3-digit LCD Display and symbols
•     Two push button to select displayed value
•     DIN rail and wall mounting

Batteries:

These 3 types are all are all designed for alternative energy systems.

1.      Flooded Type: These are Lead acid batteries that have caps to add water. Many manufacturers make these types for Solar Energy use. Trojan, Surrette, and Deka are probably the most well known. They are reasonably priced and work well for many years. All flooded batteries release gas when charged and should not be used indoors. If installed in an enclosure, a venting system should be used to vent out the gases which can be explosive. 

2.     Gel Type: Not to be confused with maintenance free batteries, sealed gel batteries have no vents and will not release gas during the charging process like flooded batteries do. Venting is therefore not required and they can be used indoors. This is a big advantage because it allows the batteries to maintain a more constant temperature and perform better. 

3.     AGM Type: Absorbed Glass Mat batteries may be the best available for Solar Power use. A woven glass mat is used between the plates to hold the electrolyte. They are leak/spill proof, do not out gas when charging, and have superior performance. They have all the advantages of the sealed gel types and are higher quality, maintain voltage better, self discharge slower, and last longer. They are more expensive, but you usually get what you pay for. This type of battery used in airplanes, hospitals, and remote telephone/cell tower installations.

Solar Sine Wave Inverter:

A power inverter, or inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). The input voltage, output voltage and frequency, and overall power handling, are dependent on the design of the specific device or circuitry.

A power inverter can be entirely electronic or may be a combination of mechanical effects (such as a rotary apparatus) and electronic circuitry. Static inverters do not use moving parts in the conversion process.

You can get one on eBay for about US$135.00 (Made in China)

Some specifications as your guide:

Grid inverter working conditions	The electrical utility grid must have current and voltage is 220V AC (190-260V)
Recommend use solar panels	18V/1200Wp
DC Maximum Input Power	Automatic Control
DC maximum voltage	VpvDC28.5VDC
DC voltage range	Vpv 10.5V~28VDC
Maximum input current	Automatic Control
AC output power	1000W
AC maximum output power	1100W
Anti-voltage protection	Fuse
AC standard voltage range	220V(190-260V)
AC frequency range	50Hz/60Hz(Automatic detection and adjust)
Output current total harmonic distortion	THDIAC <3%
Phase	<1%
Islanding protection	VAC;F AC
Output short circuit protection	Fuse
Show	LED
Standby Power	<2W
Voltage at Pmax	>15.5VDC
Maximum output power factor	99%
DC to AC conversion efficiency	>88%
Ambient temperature range	-25 °C~60°C(skin temperature)
Temperature protection	>75°C(skin temperature)
Humidity	0~99%(Indoor Type Design)
Waterproof	Indoor Type Design
Electromagnetic Compatibility	EN61000-6-3:2007 EN61000-6-1:2007
Power System Disturbance	EN50178+EN62109-1+VDE0126-1-12
Grid detection	DIN VDE 1026 UL1741
Certifications	CE certificate

Installation:

There are cases where solar panels are installed in the shade or turned away from the sun. Other cases include connecting solar panels in the reverse polarity, casing serious damage to inverters and burn them up. Benefits of a solar system can be diminished by poor installations and site selection.
 

Your supplier should provide installation services for products purchased from them. They should know how to install stand alone systems / off grid, on grid, solar panels, solar cabling, charge controllers, inverters, solar batteries and other relevant solar accessories. On request, they should also be able to provide maintenance and checks for the systems.

Happy Farming.